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Research evidence suggested the most of the drugs show specific action through the specific receptor. Receptors are macromolecule, which presents at the cell surface inside the cell and each receptor has a structural specific binding site like a lock for the ligand and the 3D structure of the specific drug molecule (ligand) acts as the key; means stereo-structural specific ligand (drug)-receptor..

The receptor is a macromolecule (mostly protein in nature and some are nucleic acids) having a specific ligand/drug binding site, located at the surface or inside the cells that serve to recognize the signals of ligands and initiate the response, but itself has no other function.LigandsThe molecules having the affinity for the receptor and may alter the ongoing function. Ligands are generally ca..

Efficacy: Efficacy indicates the maximum intensity of response to a drug, eg. if the intensity of drug A is higher than drug B, then drug A is more efficacious than drug B ED50 (effective dose-50%) is the dose or drug that gives rise to the designated response in 50% of the subjects or produced a 50% response. ED50 is easier to measure than maximum effect and is used to determine the efficacy Si..

DNA microarray: Microarray is a DNA chip in which very small DNA fragments are integrated on a solid surface: Simultaneously measure the expression level of a large number of genes and compare the differences in gene expression between groups*Analyze the expression patterns of multiple mRNAs transcribed from cells: Since many samples are tested simultaneously, a large amount of data can be obtai..

IntroGenetic reporting assay is an experimental technique that is widely used for cell response or gene expression research due to external stimulation in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.In particular, the dual-reporter assay uses two independent reporter systems to increase the accuracy of the experiment.One of them is an experimental reporter, whose response degree varies depending on the expe..

Animal cell culture can be broadly divided into animal cells, culture media, culture methods, and storage methods. Animal cells Animal cells are divided into primary cells with a limited lifespan isolated from animal tissue or blood, and (cancer) cell lines that can proliferate indefinitely. “Primary cells” are cells that have completed differentiation and do not proliferate, or can proliferate ..

Westernblot1. Definition and purposeWestern blot is a method of finding only a desired protein in a protein mixture using an antibody that reacts with the antigen epitope of the protein to be found. Proteins are separated according to size on gel using electrophoresis, and then transferred to membranes such as PVDF and nylon. Detect a specific protein to be found using an antigen-antibody reacti..

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used immunoassay today. The method is an experimental method (several ng/mL) that can qualitatively and quantitatively quantify Ag or Ab by utilizing Ag-Ab interaction. This method confirms the antigen-antibody reaction by binding an enzyme to an antibody. It is simple, inexpensive, and allows for large-scale analysis, making it one of..

1. The Monte Carlo algorithm estimates probabilities using random samples. 2. As sample numbers increase, results approximate true values. 3. This method is valuable when data is limited and simplified models are needed. 4. Large-sample calculations make computers essential for efficiency. 5. Monte Carlo simulations apply this method to model complex systems. 6. By running models with random var..