The dose or concentration-response curve (DRC or CRC) of a drug indicates the response with variable dose. Pharmacodynamic principles measuring efficacy and potency can be quantified using dose-response curves. In general, gradual dose-response relationships of the drug reflects the number of receptors that are effectively occupied. DRC generally showed between response and log dose of a drug ov..

Research evidence suggested the most of the drugs show specific action through the specific receptor. Receptors are macromolecule, which presents at the cell surface inside the cell and each receptor has a structural specific binding site like a lock for the ligand and the 3D structure of the specific drug molecule (ligand) acts as the key; means stereo-structural specific ligand (drug)-receptor..

The receptor is a macromolecule (mostly protein in nature and some are nucleic acids) having a specific ligand/drug binding site, located at the surface or inside the cells that serve to recognize the signals of ligands and initiate the response, but itself has no other function.LigandsThe molecules having the affinity for the receptor and may alter the ongoing function. Ligands are generally ca..

Efficacy: Efficacy indicates the maximum intensity of response to a drug, eg. if the intensity of drug A is higher than drug B, then drug A is more efficacious than drug B ED50 (effective dose-50%) is the dose or drug that gives rise to the designated response in 50% of the subjects or produced a 50% response. ED50 is easier to measure than maximum effect and is used to determine the efficacy Si..

DNA microarray: Microarray is a DNA chip in which very small DNA fragments are integrated on a solid surface: Simultaneously measure the expression level of a large number of genes and compare the differences in gene expression between groups*Analyze the expression patterns of multiple mRNAs transcribed from cells: Since many samples are tested simultaneously, a large amount of data can be obtai..

IntroGenetic reporting assay is an experimental technique that is widely used for cell response or gene expression research due to external stimulation in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.In particular, the dual-reporter assay uses two independent reporter systems to increase the accuracy of the experiment.One of them is an experimental reporter, whose response degree varies depending on the expe..